The maxillary palps of Tephritidae are selectively tuned to food volatiles and diverge with ecology.

The maxillary palp is an auxiliary olfactory organ in insects, which, different from the antennae, is equipped with only a few olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) types. We postulated that these derived mouthpart structures, positioned at the base of the proboscis, may be particularly important in mediating feeding behaviors. As feeding is spatio-temporally segregated from oviposition in most Tephritidae, this taxonomic group appears quite suitable to parse out sensory breadth and potential functional divergence of palps and antennae. Scanning electron microscopy and anterograde staining underlined the limited palpal olfactory circuit in Tephritidae: only three morphological subtypes of basiconic sensilla were found, each with two neurons, and project to a total of six antennal lobe glomeruli in Bactrocera dorsalis. Accordingly, the palps detected only few volatiles from the headspace of food (fermentation and protein lures) and fruit (guava and mango) compared to the antennae (17 over 77, using gas-chromatography coupled electrophysiology). Interestingly, functionally the antennae were more tuned to fruit volatiles, detecting eight times more fruit than food volatiles (63 over 8), whereas the number of fruit and food volatile detection was more comparable in the palps (14 over 8). As tephritids diverge in oviposition preferences, but converge on food substrates, we postulated that the receptive ranges of palpal circuits would be more conserved compared to the antennae. However, palpal responses of three tephritid species that differed in phylogenetic relatedness and ecologically niche, diverged across ecological rather than phylogenetic rifts. Two species with strongly overlapping ecology, B. dorsalis and Ceratitis capitata, showed inseparable response profiles, whereas the cucurbit specialist Zeugodacus cucurbitae strongly diverged. As Z. cucurbitae is phylogenetically placed between B. dorsalis and C. capitata, the results indicate that ecology overrides phylogeny in the evolution of palpal tuning, in spite of being predisposed to detecting food volatiles.

Factor de crecimiento análogo a insulina-1 y cardiotrofina-1 inducido por ejercicio y su relación con hipertrofia miocárdica en maratonistas

Antecedentes: El ejercicio de alta intensidad induce hipertrofia miocárdica necesaria para adaptar al corazón a la mayor demanda de trabajo. Se desconoce si correr una maratón induce de forma aguda factores humorales asociados al desarrollo de hipertrofia miocárdica en atletas. Objetivo: Evaluar cardiotrofina-1 (CT1) y el factor de crecimiento análogo a insulina-1 (IGF-1), conocidos inductores de hipertrofia, en maratonistas previo y justo después de correr una maratón y su relación con hipertrofia cardíaca. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo ciego simple de atletas hombres que corrieron la maratón de Santiago. Se incluyó un grupo control sedentario. En todos los sujetos se realizó un ecocardiograma transtorácico estándar. Los niveles de CT1 e IGF-1 se determinaron en plasma obtenidos antes (basal) y justo después de haber terminado (antes de 15 minutos) la maratón, usando test de ELISA. Resultados: Los atletas tenían frecuencias cardíacas menores que los controles, asociado con una mayor hipertrofia miocárdica, determinado por el grosor del septo y pared posterior del corazón, y volúmenes del ventrículo y aurícula izquierda. Los niveles basales de CT1 e IGF-1 fueron similares entre atletas y controles sedentarios. El correr la maratón aumentó los niveles de estas dos hormonas en un subgrupo de atletas. Solo los atletas que incrementaron los niveles de IGF-1, pero no de CT1, tenían volúmenes de ventrículo izquierdo y derecho más grandes que los otros atletas. Conclusiones: IGF-1 que se incrementa de forma aguda por el ejercicio, pero no CT1, estaría asociado con el aumento de los volúmenes ventriculares observado en los atletas.

Background: High intensity exercise induces the development of myocardial hypertrophy necessary to adapt the heart to the increased work demand. Whether running a marathon is associated with acutely induced humoral factors responsible for the development of myocardial hypertrophy observed in athletes is not known. Objective: To evaluate the levels of cardiotrophin-1 (CT1) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), known hypertrophy inducers, in marathon runners before and just after running a marathon and their relationship with cardiac hypertrophy. Methodology: Single-blind prospective study of male athletes who ran the Santiago's marathon. A sedentary control group was included. All subjects underwent a standard transthoracic echocardiogram. CT1 and IGF-1 levels were determined in plasma obtained before (basal) and just after finishing (within 15 min) the marathon using ELISA assays. Results: Athletes had lower heart rates than controls, associated with greater myocardial hypertrophy, as determined by thickness of the heart's septum and posterior wall, and left atrial and ventricular volumes. Basal CT1 and IGF-1 levels were similar between athletes and sedentary controls. Marathon running increased the levels of these two hormones in a subgroup of athletes. Only the athletes who increased IGF-1 levels, but not CT1, had larger left and right ventricular volumes. Conclusion: IGF-1 acutely increased by exercise, but not CT1, was associated with the augmented ventricular volumes observed in athletes.

Young-GRAPPA (Y-GRAPPA) at the 2022 GRAPPA Annual Meeting: One Year in Y-GRAPPA. Where Do We Stand, Where Do We Go?

Young-GRAPPA (Y-GRAPPA) was introduced at the 2021 Group for Research and Assessment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis (GRAPPA) annual meeting. Here we present the 1-year progress of Y-GRAPPA and future plans of this enthusiastic group of young clinicians and early career researchers interested in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis.

Analysis of microbiota-host communication mediated by butyrate in Atlantic salmon.

Butyrate is a microbiota-produced metabolite, sensed by host short-chain fatty acid receptors FFAR2 (Gpr43), FFAR3 (Gpr41), HCAR2 (Gpr109A), and Histone deacetylase (HDAC) that promotes microbiota-host crosstalk. Butyrate influences energy uptake, developmental and immune response in mammals. This microbial metabolite is produced by around 79 anaerobic genera present in the mammalian gut, yet little is known about the role of butyrate in the host-microbiota interaction in salmonid fish. To further our knowledge of this interaction, we analyzed the intestinal microbiota and genome of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), searching for butyrate-producing genera and host butyrate receptors. We identified Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria as the main butyrate-producing bacteria in the salmon gut microbiota. In the Atlantic salmon genome, we identified an expansion of genes orthologous to FFAR2 and HCAR2 receptors, and class I and IIa HDACs that are sensitive to butyrate. In addition, we determined the expression levels of orthologous of HCAR2 in the gut, spleen, and head-kidney, and FFAR2 in RTgutGC cells. The effect of butyrate on the Atlantic salmon immune response was evaluated by analyzing the pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines response in vitro in SHK-1 cells by RT-qPCR. Butyrate decreased the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1ß and increased anti-inflammatory IL-10 and TGF-ß cytokines. Butyrate also reduced the expression of interferon-alpha, Mx, and PKR, and decreased the viral load at a higher concentration (4 mM) in cells treated with this molecule before the infection with Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV) by mechanisms independent of FFAR2, FFAR3 and HCAR2 expression that probably inhibit HDAC. Moreover, butyrate modified phosphorylation of cytoplasmic proteins in RTgutGC cells. Our data allow us to infer that Atlantic salmon have the ability to sense butyrate produced by their gut microbiota via different specific targets, through which butyrate modulates the immune response of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines and the antiviral response.

Social and Psychological Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on Adolescents' and Young Adults' Mental Health: A Cross-Cultural Mediation Study.

The ongoing pandemic has dramatically disrupted daily life, increasing the risk of developing psychiatric disorders and poor mental wellbeing. The compound effects of social, political and psychological stressors have increased psychological symptoms among adolescents and young people, with worries about COVID-19 playing a central role in the clinical course of their mental health problems caused by the pandemic. The aim of this cross-cultural study was to examine the social psychological effects of COVID-19 on adolescents' and young people's mental health and wellbeing in Ibero-American population. Participants involved 6,283 adolescents and young adults from five different Spanish-Speaking countries (83.7% female) aged between 12 and 30 years (M = 18.79; SD = 3.48). Participants completed the Worries about COVID-19 and its Consequences Scale (W-COV), the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Descriptive analyses, multivariate ANOVAs and Pearson correlations were performed, as well as Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) testing a mediational model. The results indicate cross-cultural difference in COVID-19 related worries, emotional symptoms and life satisfaction. Results from SEM confirmed the overall indirect effects of COVID-19 cases, political response and participants' conditions during lockdown on depression, anxiety, stress and life satisfaction mediated by COVID-19 related worries. These findings suggest that the social psychological factors underlying psychological symptoms could be partly explained by increased worries about COVID-19 and its personal, social, economic and political consequences, which may offer guidance to policy makers and health services for safeguarding youth mental well-being.

Cross-cultural validation of the Worries about COVID-19 and its consequences Scale (W-COV) in adolescents and young people.

The pandemic context presents remarkable psychological challenges for adolescents and young adults. The aim of the present work was to construct and study the psychometric properties of a scale in Spanish language (W-COV) to measure their worries related to the pandemic. Participants were 5559 people aged between 14 and 25 years old (M = 19.05; SD = 3.28). Self-report data were collected using a cross-sectional and cross-cultural design. Participants were from 5 Spanish-speaking countries. Instruments were W-COV to assess worries about COVID-19 and its consequences; DASS-21 for anxiety, depression and stress; and SWLS for life satisfaction. Exploratory, confirmatory and multi-group factor analyses were conducted to determine the factorial structure of the W-COV and its measurement invariance (configural, metric, scalar and error variance). Correlational and regression analyses were also performed to study convergent and predictive validity. The results suggest that W-COV presents a bifactorial structure: (1) a general factor of worries about COVID-19; and (2) three different factors: worries about health, economic and psychosocial consequences from COVID-19. The internal reliability indices Cronbach's α and Omega were adequate. With respect to the invariance results, the instrument can be used interchangeably in the five countries considered, in both genders and in two different age groups (12-17 and 18-25). Regarding validity, W-COV factors were positively associated with anxiety, depression and stress, and negatively predicted life satisfaction. In conclusion, W-COV is a reliable and valid instrument for researchers and health care professionals to assess the psychological impact of the pandemic on mental health of young Ibero-Americans.

Effectiveness of Telemedicine Compared with Standard Care for Patients with Rheumatic Diseases: A Systematic Review.

Objective: The aim of this study was to systematically review the evidence on the effectiveness of telemedicine compared to standard care for patients with rheumatic diseases. Methods: A search was performed in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews; for the gray literature, GREYNET databases and a snowball search were used. MeSH or Emtree terms. Three authors independently selected systematic reviews, randomized controlled trail (RCTs), or non-RCTs with patients with autoimmune or inflammatory rheumatic diseases, where telemedicine was compared with standard care. Effectiveness was measured in terms of disease activity, quality of life, and functional activity. The patients' satisfaction was also measured. The risk of bias was assessed by the Cochrane collaboration tool for RCTs and AMSTAR II for systematic reviews. Results: Four RCTs, one cross-out study, and five systematic reviews were included. The studies were conducted with rheumatoid arthritis patients, and one study involved patients with systematic lupus erythematosus. The interventions mainly involved teleconsultation and telemonitoring, with patient-reported outcomes (PROs) being compared with standard care. Four studies measured the effectiveness of telemedicine using PROs, in which three of the RCTs did not find differences in the clinical outcomes, and one found that telemedicine improved the remission of diseases, functional impairment, and radiographic joint damage progression. Two studies measured patient satisfaction with telemedicine and standard care without a significant difference between the groups. Conclusions: Despite heterogeneity between studies, the findings were remarkably consistent in demonstrating that there was no significant difference between the telemedicine group and the control group in terms of PROs and patient satisfaction. Patients should be offered the option of telemedicine to manage their diseases as part of health-care support. Further research is needed on the effectiveness of telemedicine in the long term for patients with rheumatic diseases.

Young-GRAPPA at the Annual GRAPPA Meeting: Presentation of a New Group Within GRAPPA and Its Vision.

At the 2021 Group for Research and Assessment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis (GRAPPA) annual meeting, a separate group was created (Young-GRAPPA) to address the challenges of young researchers and physicians beginning their careers. This paper presents the initial organizational framework and different components and aims of this group. We were able to enroll over 50 young researchers as a result of this meeting.

Circulating Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) Is Associated With Left Atrial Remodeling in Long-Distance Runners.

Introduction: An increased risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) has been demonstrated in high-performance athletes. Soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), a biomarker involved in inflammation and cardiac remodeling, is associated with the development of AF in the general population. However, the relationship between sVCAM-1 and left atrial (LA) remodeling has been poorly investigated in long-distance runners (LDR). Aim: To determine the association between LA remodeling and sVCAM-1 levels in LDR during the training period before a marathon race. Methods: Thirty-six healthy male LDR (37.0 ± 5.3 years; 174.0 ± 7.0 height; BMI: 23.8 ± 2.8; V°O2-peak: 56.5 ± 7.3 mL·kg-1·min-1) were evaluated in this single-blind and cross-sectional study. The LDR were separated into two groups according to previous training levels: high-training (HT) (n = 18) ≥100 km·week-1 and low-training (LT) (n = 18) ≥70 and <100 km·week-1. Also, 18 healthy non-active subjects were included as a control group (CTR). In all participants, transthoracic echocardiography was performed. sVCAM-1 blood levels were measured baseline and immediately finished the marathon race in LDR. Results: HT showed increased basal levels of sVCAM-1 (651 ± 350 vs. 440 ± 98 ng·mL-1 CTR, p = 0.002; and vs. 533 ± 133 ng·mL-1 LT; p = 0.003) and a post-marathon increase (ΔsVCAM-1) (651 ± 350 to 905 ± 373 ng·mL-1; p = 0.002), that did not occur in LT (533 ± 133 to 651 ± 138 ng·mL-1; p = 0.117). In LDR was a moderate correlation between LA volume and sVCAM-1 level (rho = 0.510; p = 0.001). Conclusions: In male long-distance runners, sVCAM-1 levels are directly associated with LA remodeling. Also, the training level is associated with basal sVCAM-1 levels and changes after an intense and prolonged exercise (42.2 km). Whether sVCAM-1 levels predict the risk of AF in runners remains to be established.

Left Cardiac Remodelling Assessed by Echocardiography Is Associated with Rho-Kinase Activation in Long-Distance Runners.

This single-blind and cross-sectional study evaluated the role of Rho-kinase (ROCK) as a biomarker of the cardiovascular remodelling process assessed by echocardiography in competitive long-distance runners (LDRs) during the training period before a marathon race. Thirty-six healthy male LDRs (37.0 ± 5.3 years; 174.0 ± 7.0 height; BMI: 23.8 ± 2.8; V˙ O2-peak: 56.5 ± 7.3 mL·kg-1·min-1) were separated into two groups according to previous training level: high-training (HT, n = 16) ≥ 100 km·week-1 and low-training (LT, n = 20) ≥ 70 and < 100 km·week-1. Also, twenty-one healthy nonactive subjects were included as a control group (CTR). A transthoracic echocardiography was performed and ROCK activity levels in circulating leukocytes were measured at rest (48 h without exercising) the week before the race. The HT group showed a higher left ventricular mass index (LVMi) and left atrial volume index (LAVi) than other groups (p < 0.05, for both); also, higher levels of ROCK activity were found in LDRs (HT = 6.17 ± 1.41 vs. CTR = 1.64 ± 0.66 (p < 0.01); vs. LT = 2.74 ± 0.84; (p < 0.05)). In LDRs a direct correlation between ROCK activity levels and LVMi (r = 0.83; p < 0.001), and LAVi (r = 0.70; p < 0.001) were found. In conclusion, in male competitive long-distance runners, the load of exercise implicated in marathon training is associated with ROCK activity levels and the left cardiac remodelling process assessed by echocardiography.

Determinant Factors in Personal Decision-Making to Adopt COVID-19 Prevention Measures in Chile.

The pandemic has challenged countries to develop stringent measures to reduce infections and keep the population healthy. However, the greatest challenge is understanding the process of adopting self-care measures by individuals in different countries. In this research, we sought to understand the behavior of individuals who take self-protective action. We selected the risk homeostasis approach to identify relevant variables associated with the risk of contagion and the Protective Action Decision Model to understand protective decision-making in the pandemic. Subsequently, we conducted an exploratory survey to identify whether the same factors, as indicated in the literature, impact Chile's adoption of prevention measures. The variables gender, age, and trust in authority behave similarly to those found in the literature. However, socioeconomic level, education, and media do not impact the protection behaviors adopted to avoid contagion. Furthermore, the application of the Protective Action Decision Model is adequate to understand the protective measures in the case of a pandemic. Finally, women have a higher risk perception and adopt more protective measures, and in contrast, young people between 18 and 30 years of age are the least concerned about COVID-19 infection.

Species-Specific Induction of Plant Volatiles by Two Aphid Species in Apple: Real Time Measurement of Plant Emission and Attraction of Lacewings in the Wind Tunnel.

Upon damage by herbivores, plants release herbivory-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs). To find their prey, the pest's natural enemies need to be fine-tuned to the composition of these volatiles. Whereas standard methods can be used in the identification and quantitation of HIPVs, more recently introduced techniques such as PTR-ToF-MS provide temporal patterns of the volatile release and detect additional compounds. In this study, we compared the volatile profile of apple trees infested with two aphid species, the green apple aphid Aphis pomi, and the rosy apple aphid Dysaphis plantaginea, by CLSA-GC-MS complemented by PTR-ToF-MS. Compounds commonly released in conjunction with both species include nonanal, decanal, methyl salicylate, geranyl acetone, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, (Z)-3-hexenyl butanoate, (Z)-3-hexenyl 2-methyl-butanoate, (E)-ß-caryophyllene, ß-bourbonene and (Z)-3-hexenyl benzoate. In addition, benzaldehyde and (E)-ß-farnesene were exclusively associated with A. pomi, whereas linalool, (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene were exclusively associated with D. plantaginea. PTR-ToF-MS additionally detected acetic acid (AA) and 2-phenylethanol (PET) in the blends of both trees attacked by aphid species. In the wind tunnel, the aphid predator, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens), responded strongly to a blend of AA and PET, much stronger than to AA or PET alone. The addition of common and species-specific HIPVs did not increase the response to the binary blend of AA and PET. In our setup, two host-associated volatiles AA + PET appeared sufficient in the attraction of C. carnea. Our results also show the importance of combining complementary methods to decipher the odor profile associated with plants under pest attack and identify behaviourally active components for predators.

Coronary Ostia Localization by 3-Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography in a Patient With Quadricuspid Aortic Valve.

Quadricuspid aortic valve is rare and requires surgery when symptomatic severe regurgitation/stenosis is present. Associated anomalous coronary ostia location demands accurate diagnosis to avoid intraoperative complications, and several imaging techniques have been used, with drawbacks of low sensitivity, radiation and contrast exposure. We report a pre-operative assessment using 3-dimensional echocardiography. (Level of Difficulty: Intermediate.).

Dispersal and competitive release affect the management of native and invasive tephritid fruit flies in large and smallholder farms in Ethiopia.

African horticulture is seriously affected by fruit flies, both native and invasive. Novel sustainable control methods need testing against the backdrop of smallholder-dominated farming of Africa. We evaluated the potential of male-specific attractants (parapheromones) laced with insecticide to suppress the alien invasive Bactrocera dorsalis and native Ceratitis capitata. In large-scale guava, methyl-eugenol (ME)-bait stations combined with toxic protein baits suppressed B. dorsalis within 8 months but resulted in a resurgence of the displaced Ceratitis capitata. In smallholder farms, intervention using SPLAT-ME laced with spinosad was surprisingly unsuccessful. Subsequent mark-release-recapture experiments showed high dispersal rates of flies, covering many times a typical farm size, leading to a continuous influx of flies from surrounding areas. Several other factors important for intervention were evaluated. SPLAT-MAT-ME dollops remained attractive for over two weeks, although gradually becoming less attractive than fresh baits. Further, competitive displacement was observed: C. capitata selectively emerged from fruits in which B. dorsalis infestation was low. Finally, we evaluated whether ME could be combined with C. capitata male attractants [trimedlure (TML) and terpinyl acetate (TA)] without affecting attraction. Combining male lures did not affect catches directly, although at very high populations of B. dorsalis attracted to ME interfered with C. capitata trap entry. Although ME-based methods can effectively suppress B. dorsalis, they were not effective at single smallholder scale due to the high dispersive propensity of tephritids. Further, competitive release implies the need for a combination of lures and methods. These observations are important for developing control schemes tailored for African smallholder settings.

Constrained Fitness Landscape Analysis of Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problems.

Vehicle Routing Problems (VRP) comprise many variants obtained by adding to the original problem constraints representing diverse system characteristics. Different variants are widely studied in the literature; however, the impact that these constraints have on the structure of the search space associated with the problem is unknown, and so is their influence on the performance of search algorithms used to solve it. This article explores how assignation constraints (such as a limited vehicle capacity) impact VRP by disturbing the network structure defined by the solution space and the local operators in use. This research focuses on Fitness Landscape Analysis for the multiple Traveling Salesman Problem (m-TSP) and Capacitated VRP (CVRP). We propose a new Fitness Landscape Analysis measure that provides valuable information to characterize the fitness landscape's structure under specific scenarios and obtain several relationships between the fitness landscape's structure and the algorithmic performance.

Liver transplantation in Jehovah's Witnesses: a case series / Experiencia en trasplante hepático para testigos de Jehová: serie de casos

Abstract Introduction: Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is a procedure characterized by high bleeding rates and a significant likelihood of exposure to blood products. Objectives: This case series shows the experience at a referral center for Jehovah's Witnesses (JW) with end-stage liver disease, undergoing OLT. Materials and methods: A search was conducted in our database of JW undergoing OLT between July 2007 and August 2012. The information about their pre-operative condition and progress up to 30 days post-transplantation. Results: Four subjects were identified (3F/1M) with an average age of 42 years (range 22-55). All of them received a multidisciplinary management which included pre-operative optimization of red cell mass, antifibrinolytic prophylaxis, and cell salvage (mean volume of 344mL [range 113-520]). The average intraoperative bleeding volume was of 625mL (range 300-1000). One of the patients presented with a primary graft dysfunction and died, while the rest had a normal postoperative course. Conclusion: It is possible to offer OLT to patients who refuse to receive allogeneic blood transfusions, through a comprehensive approach that includes perioperative hematologic optimization and the use of blood conservation measures, without a significant impact on the outcomes.

Resumen Introducción: El trasplante hepático ortotópico (THO) es un procedimiento caracterizado por índices significativos de sangrado y alta probabilidad de exposición a hemocomponentes. Objetivos: Esta serie de casos muestra la experiencia de un centro de referencia en la atención de testigos de Jehová (TJ) con enfermedad hepática terminal llevados a THO. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda en nuestra base de datos de TJ que hubiesen sido llevados a THO entre julio de 2007 y agosto de 2012. Se registraron datos correspondientes a su estado preoperatorio, manejo perioperatorio y evolución hasta los 30 días postrasplante. Resultados: Se encontraron cuatro sujetos (3M/1H) con una edad promedio de 42 años (rango de 22-55). Todos recibieron un manejo multidisciplinario que incluyó la optimización preoperatoria de su masa eritrocitaria, profilaxis antifibrinolítica y salvamento celular [volumen promedio de 344 ml (rango de 113-520)]. El volumen promedio de sangrado intraoperatorio fue de 625 ml (rango de 300-1000). Uno de los pacientes presentó disfunción primaria del injerto y muerte, mientras que los demás tuvieron un curso posoperatorio convencional. Conclusiones: Es posible ofrecer la posibilidad de THO para sujetos que se niegan a recibir transfusiones alogénicas, por medio de un abordaje integral que incluya la optimización hematológica perioperatoria y la utilización de medidas de conservación sanguínea, sin que esto afecte significativamente los resultados.

Designing a species-selective lure based on microbial volatiles to target Lobesia botrana.

Sustainable, low impact control methods, including mating disruption and microbial insecticides against L. botrana have been available for decades. Yet, successful implementation has been restricted to only a few grapevine districts in the world. A limiting factor is the lack of a female attractant to either monitor or control the damaging sex. Volatile attractants for both female and male insects can be used to assess when L. botrana populations exceed economic thresholds, and to decrease the use of synthetic pesticides within both conventional and pheromone programs. Rather than using host-plant volatiles, which are readily masked by background volatiles released by the main crop, we tested the attractiveness of volatiles that signify microbial breakdown and more likely stand out against the background odour. A two-component blend of 2-phenylethanol (2-PET) and acetic acid (AA) caught significant numbers of both sexes. Catches increased with AA and, to a minimal extent, 2-PET loads. However, a higher load of 2-PET also increased bycatches, especially of Lepidoptera and Neuroptera. Major (ethanol, ethyl acetate, 3-methyl-1-butanol) or minor (esters, aldehydes, alcohols and a ketone) fermentation volatiles, did surprisingly not improve the attraction of L. botrana compared to the binary blend of 2-PET and AA alone, but strongly increased bycatches. The most attractive lure may thus not be the best choice in terms of specificity. We suggest that future research papers always disclose all bycatches to permit evaluation of lures in terms of sustainability.

Propensity-Matched Outcomes of Transcarotid Artery Revascularization Versus Carotid Endarterectomy.

BACKGROUND: Transcarotid artery revascularization (TCAR) with cerebral flow reversal is an emerging treatment option for carotid artery stenosis in patients with high risk for traditional endarterectomy. The purpose of this study was to compare real-world, procedure-related outcomes in similarly comorbid patients undergoing TCAR or carotid endarterectomy (CEA). METHODS: A retrospective review of all patients receiving either TCAR or CEA outside of clinical trial regulations at our institution was performed. Participants were propensity-matched by age, gender, body mass index, smoking status, presence of restenosis, history of neck radiation, presence of contralateral carotid occlusion, history of previous neck dissection, and symptom status. Bivariate analysis was followed by a penalized Firth logistic regression to compare treatments. RESULTS: Between January 2011 and July 2018, 342 CEAs and 109 TCARs were captured for analysis. After matching, 87 distinct treatment pairs were created without evidence of variation in any of the prespecified variables. On multivariate analysis using maximum and penalized likelihood ratios, we found that TCAR was associated with an increased incidence of intraoperative hypertension (adjusted coefficient, 1.41; 95% confidence interval [0.53, 2.29], P < 0.01). TCAR was also associated with decreased reverse flow/clamp time (mins; -36.80; [-45.47, -27.93], P < 0.01) and estimated blood loss (mLs; -63.66; [-85.91, -41.42], P < 0.01). In the perioperative period, there were no differences between TCAR and CEA with respect to myocardial infarction (-0.04; [-3.68, 3.60], P = 0.98), stroke (-0.74; [-2.68, 1.19], P = 0.45), and all-cause mortality (1.09; [-1.76, 3.94], P = 0.11). Similarly, a composite incidence of stroke/death was the same between cohorts (2.42; [-0.57, 5.41], P = 0.11). CONCLUSIONS: This propensity-matched analysis of carotid artery revascularization modalities suggests that TCAR is equivalent to CEA in the perioperative period while incurring shorter operative time and less blood loss.

Multiple Myeloma Mimicking a Small Vessel Vasculitis Presentation.

Multiple myeloma can have different clinical manifestations, and not all patients present with classic CRAB component. We describe a 46-year-old woman admitted to our hospital with a complaint of a bluish-to-black discoloration of the second toe that was rapidly progressive and acute kidney injury. We documented a Kappa light chain monoclonal gammopathy, increased presence of plasmacytes in bone marrow aspiration, and multiple lytic bone lesions, which led to a diagnosis of multiple myeloma. Although multiple myeloma presenting with blue finger syndrome is uncommon, it must always be considered as a differential diagnosis with this clinical finding.

Quiste de la bolsa de Rathke / Rathke pouch cyst

Es una lesión quística que surge del remanente epitelial de la bolsa de Rathke, casi siempre su diagnóstico es un hallazgo incidental ya que en la mayoría de los casos es asintomático. Cuando se manifiesta se debe a que ha aumentado lo suficiente su volumen hasta comprimir estructuras vecinas causando cefalea, alteraciones visuales y disfunción pituitaria. En su mayoría ocurre en adultos entre la cuarta y quinta década de vida. Presentamos el caso de una paciente femenina de 9 años de edad que consultó por talla baja al servicio de endocrinología, por lo cual se inició tratamiento con hormona de crecimiento y se solicitó una resonancia magnética nuclear (RMN) la cual reportó quiste de la bolsa de Rathke versus adenoma hipofisario.

Rathke pouch cysts are epithelium-lined cysts arising from the embryological remnants of Rathke ́s pouch. They are usually incidentally identified since the majority are asymptomatic. They become symptomatic when they enlarge enough to compress neighbor structures causing headache, visual disturbances and pituitary dysfunction. They occur mostly in adults in the fourth to fifth decades of life. A case is presented in a 9-year-old female patient who consulted for growth retardation to the endocrinology service. She was treated with growth hormone and a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan reported Rathke ́s pouch cyst versus pituitary adenoma.